Chinese Food

Many non-Chinese think that dim sum is just a steamed dumpling with maybe a dipping sauce to accompany it. However, although that is one type of dim sum, the term "dim sum" does not refer to a single recipe but to a style of serving a vast selection of different snack type items. Usually, these will be provided on a trolley which trundles between tables for diners to make their choices.

Dim sum originated in the Canton province of China and was always served with tea. The custom soon spread to other provinces and indeed, around the globe. Whether at home or in a restaurant, dim sum can be enjoyed and because of the many choices, there is always something for everyone. Dim sum is particularly good for large goups of friends because part of the fun is sharing and tasting a lot of different dishes but it can't really be recommended for couples as the noise and bustle isn't really conducive to a romantic dinner.

Dumplings are indeed popular and are generally made with flour and steamed, resulting is a soft, slightly sticky ball. Nonetheless, it is the filling which differentiates and here there are a huge variety of options.

One type of dumpling is Gau or Gau Ji which consists of a quite fragile rice flour paste stuffed with various vegetables, such as picked cabbage or tofu. These dim sum are quite hard to make because of the delicacy of the past but are full of flavour.

Prawns and shrimps of various types are often used to stuff dim sum dumplings. These may be ground up and used alone or combined with spices, nuts or flavoured oils. Crab roe with Chinese mushrooms is a common filling for dumplings fried squid or other seafood may also be found on the dim sum trolley.

Another variety of dumpling is Chiu-Chao and these are usually filled with prawns or pork combined with mushrooms or peanuts, garlic, spring onions and other flavourings.
Bau is a dumpling glazed with sugar, which turns it from white to brown and which is referred to as a bun. These are stuffed with roast pork and spring onions and are a real delicacy.
Dim sum is ideal for vegetarians as the trolley will often offer rolls stuffed with shredded vegetables such as carrots, cabbage or mushrooms.
So, we've touched on a few of the many varieties of dumplings, buns and rolls but dim sum doesn't stop there.
Other possibilities include a rice porridge called Congee and of course, desserts. Thousand layer cake (Chien Chang Go), made from a sweetened dough with egg is one such and a steamed sponge cake sweetened with molasses is another. For a lighter finish to a meal, tofu drizzled with ginger syrup is a favourite.
We've hardly begun to explore the possibilities of dim sum which, although usually steamed or deep fried, can consist of almost anything snack-like in a small portion. This can include sesame toasts, meatballs, spareribs or even steamed chickens feet. There really is something for everyone so do give it a try.

Espresso - The Morning Wake Up Call

What is Espresso?

The word espresso comes from the Italian words caffè espresso which literally means pressed-out coffee. Espresso is brewed by forcing very hot water under high pressure through coffee that has been ground to a consistency between extremely fine and powder. This process extracts a very flavorful concentrated coffee beverage. In Italy, good espresso is defined by the "four Ms" - Miscela, Macinazione, Macchina, Mano. These four words loosely translates to: blend of coffee beans, the grinding process, the machine, and the person making the espresso.

Espresso was developed in Milan, Italy in the early 20th century, but up until the mid-1940s it was a beverage produced solely with steam pressure. A simple espresso machine uses a pot, a filter, ground coffee and a spout. The as water in the pot is heated pressure builds inside the pot, and the only way for it to escape is up the spout, through the coffee and out of the spout in the top. Since the end of the spout is under water, the pressure forces the hot water up through the spout. Modern day espresso machines have really caught on since the invention of the spring piston lever machine. This machines commercial success changed espresso into the beverage we know today. Starbucks has taken espresso production to a new level and the market continues to grow each year.

How does Espresso Differ from Coffee?

So what makes espresso so much different than regular coffee? For starters it has a thicker consistency than standard drip coffee. It also contains a higher amount of dissolved solids than drip coffee per relative volume. And probably the most noticeable thing when you pay $6 bucks is that the serving is much smaller. Espresso is usually measured in shots, which are between 25 and 30 ml (around 1 fluid ounce) in size. Espresso is also chemically complex and somewhat volatile, with many of its chemical components quickly degrading from oxidation or loss of temperature. Just by looking at it, the most distinguishing characteristic is "crema". Crema is the reddish-brown foam that floats on the surface and is composed of vegetable oils, proteins and sugars. Crema has elements of both emulsion and foam colloid.

Because of the high pressure brewing process, espresso tends to be a very highly concentrated "shot" of coffee. While there can be significant variation, on a per-volume basis, espresso contains approximately three times the caffeine content of regular brewed coffee. In most cases, 1 shot of espresso will have about half the caffeine of a standard large coffee. For this reason, it has become the base ingredient for other drinks, such as lattes, cappuccino, macchiato and mochas.

Which type of coffee beans is used to make espresso?

Contrary to popular belief, there is no specific coffee bean type or roast required to make espresso. Remember, espresso is made from the process, not the bean or blend. Typically, espresso is made from a blend of beans that can be roasted ranging between dark and light. Depending on the consumer, the blend chosen is purely a decision on taste. Commercial espresso makers like Starbucks go with a darker roast of beans to produce their traditional flavor.
What the heck is a Barista?

Barista is the Italian word for bartender. So an expert operator of an espresso machine is considered a barista. Starbucks uses this term to refer to their counter staff and thus the term has gained popularity in the U.S. A "home barista" is one who enjoys making espresso at their home.

A final word on espresso

As more and more Americans pour (no pun intended) into the local Starbucks or the Seattle's Best coffee shops, the popularity of espresso grows. Owning your own espresso maker has become quite popular in recent years and there are many styles of machines to choose from. Some operate with just the touch of a button. I encourage you to do your research before you buy there are many different options and many different price ranges to consider. Good luck on your quest for the perfect cup of espresso be it home brewed or Starbucks original.

Drink Local Products

Have we ever been more informed about our surroundings and about the impact that we have on our local environment. Here in the UK, it seems that the advantages of local produce are often over-looked.

On a recent trip to Italy I was astounded by the quality of the food and drink that I was served. Enjoying meals in small establishments, I was presented with food and drinks that seemed to be of a much higher standard than those that I was used to experiencing at home.

Taking a look at the ingredients that were being used, I realised that the Italians rely on cooking simple meals but on making them well. They don't need to make things complicated - the ingredients are so simple that they work for themselves.

It's the same with their beers and wines. We're used to being served mediocre Pinot Grigios in pubs and restaurants all over the UK, but the standard of wine being produced in Italy is clearly pretty high. You suspect that they are keeping the best drinks back for themselves.

Finding non-Italian wines on a wine list is almost impossible and it's easy to see why. When the local produce is so good, why would they want to consider drinking wines made elsewhere?
It's the same with the beers. Sure, you can go into the odd themed pub and see imported beers on draught, but the Italians generally stick to their own brews.

Why don't we have the same attitude in the UK. Why is it that we fail to see that the best food and drink is likely to be produced locally, often on a smaller scale and using relatively simple production methods.

The next time that you walk into a British pub, maybe you should consider forgetting about buying an imported drink. Opt for a beer from a local brewery instead - you'll be pleasantly surprised by the quality of drinks on offer.

Not only will you be enjoying a great drink, you'll also be supporting a local business.

How Coffee Affects the Body

Coffee can make us feel more alert, boost our metabolism, make our heart race, affect our digestive system and more. And though most of us are aware of the brief caffeine high that coffee offers, most of us don't really know how coffee truly affects our body.
To learn more about the effects of coffee, both immediate and long-term, keep reading.

Coffee as a Stimulant

Coffee and caffeine are stimulants. You know that when you drink coffee you feel more awake, but you also know that too much coffee can give you the jitters or cause irritability.
Because coffee is a stimulant, it can also wreak havoc on your sleeping schedule. If you have trouble falling asleep at night, try cutting back on your coffee consumption or opting for water or decaf after noon.

Coffee on the Digestive System

Coffee actually has fairly high acid levels, particularly with beans like Kenyan or Ethiopian roasts. This is why when you drink too much coffee on an empty stomach, you'll often experience "coffee tummy" or "coffee gut," a basic discomfort in your digestive system.
The caffeine and acid in coffee can also be problematic for people suffering from ulcers. So, if you're having trouble with coffee, try switching to water, herbal teas or drinking milk with your coffee.

Coffee and Antioxidants

Coffee is actually the primary source of antioxidants for most North Americans. Antioxidants are, essentially, any compounds that fight or neutralize free radicals, which cause cells to break down and are cancer causing agents.
Studies have shown that coffee consumption can reduce the risk of developing liver cancer, throat cancer, Type 2 Diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's disease and cancer of the esophagus.

Coffee and Physical and Mental Performance

Coffee isn't just a study aid because it helps you stay awake - regular coffee consumption can actually improve your cognitive ability. A recent study showed that participants who regularly consumed at least one to two coffees a day scored higher on short term memory recall, spatial ability, logic tests and general IQ testing.

Coffee and Weight Loss

Coffee is a stimulant, meaning with every sip of caffeine, your metabolism will get a kick start. You'll also have more energy. For example, if you read the ingredients list for most pill-form dietary or weight-loss aids, you'll see one of the main ingredients is often caffeine.

Coffee and Your Teeth

While coffee can actually reduce cavities thanks to its acidity, it can also cause major teeth staining. To keep your teeth white, follow a cup of coffee with a bottle of water and brush your teeth at least two to three times a day.

What is Freeze Dried Coffee?

Although nobody would pretend that instant freeze dried coffee tastes as good as freshly prepared coffee from the bean there is no doubt it has a large market, both commercially and in the home.

It's sheer convenience and ease of use is probably its main advantage and with the improvements of modern production processes the flavour of the final beverage has improved dramatically. Just add a spoonful of freeze dried coffee granules to a mug, add hot water and you can enjoy a decent cup of coffee.

We have all probably drunk freeze dried coffee at some stage, but what actually is it and how is it made?

Initially fresh brew coffee is made in the usual way using a very large industrial bulk brewer in which very hot water is passed though fresh coffee grounds in a filter system to produce the hot coffee liquor we are all familiar with.

This coffee liquor is then concentrated through a series of evaporators under vacuum where some of the aroma and flavour compounds are also removed and stored. This ensures that some of the flavour and aroma of the coffee that is lost during the freeze drying process can be 'put-back' into the final product just before packing.

The concentrated coffee liquor then moves on to the actual freeze-dry processing equipment. Here the coffee liquor is initially foamed and then frozen to a temperature of -450 degrees centigrade. It is then ground to the required particle size.

The ice crystals that formed in the freezing process from the water content in the beverage are then removed in a process called sublimation. Here the frozen granules are subjected to a high vacuum which results in much of the water ice content to be transformed directly into gas (without a liquid stage it would normally undergo) before being returned to room temperature.
The finished product usually contains between 3 and 5 percent water. The more volatile flavour and aroma compounds extracted at the initial brewing stage are then returned to the dried product just before packing.

A large quantity of used coffee grounds are produced at a typical freeze dried coffee factory during the process but these are put to good use. They are usually sold on as animal feed, compost or organic fuel.

Freeze dried coffee is considered to be of superior quality to spray dried coffee which is made by a different process. The industrial production of spray dried coffee will be outlined in another article.

Make the Most of Mushrooms

by Dyfed Lloyd Evans

Mushrooms are an amazing foodstuff, neither plant nor animal but a whole kingdom of life all their own. Though many mushrooms are cultivated the vast majority can only be found in the wild. Here you find recipes for both wild and cultured mushrooms so that you can know how to get the best out of them.

They come in a wide variety of textures, colours and flavours -- from the tough and meaty to the subtle and innocuous and can be used to flavour a dish or simply to add substance and texture to it.

These days you can easily buy a whole range of dried or fresh mushrooms in your local store, but an experienced forager can source an almost year-round supply in their own back yard.
Mushrooms are truly versatile and can be used in an amazing array of dishes. Often various mushroom types can be substituted for meat in just about any dish. Indeed, the Romans and Greeks used them for this very purpose. But, in general, fresh mushrooms do not last long and they become soggy and inedible very quickly. The good news, though is that mushrooms can be preserved quite quickly. If you have mushrooms that are past their best then they can be strung on a string and hung in a warm, dry, spot to dry. Or they can be pickled. Another way of storing is to chop and to fry with onion garlic and herbs to make what the French call a 'duxelle'.

Mushrooms fried in this way can be stored by freezing and then can be added to soups, stews or any dish calling for fried mushrooms.

Below you will find two classic mushroom-based dishes. The first incorporating a farmed or shop-bought mushroom and the second incorporating a wild mushroom.

Mushroom and Spinach Rustic Pie

Ingredients:

125g unsalted butter


350g plain flour
Salt


25g parmesan cheese
egg yolk
water


250g spinach


25g butter
large onion, chopped


75g oyster mushroom


4 skinned, chopped, plum tomatoes


125g diced mozzarella
salt and pepper


3 eggs, beaten

Method:Rub 125g unsalted butter into 350g plain flour with a pinch of salt to make a fine crumb texture. Stir-in 25g of grated parmesan cheese and then add an egg yolk and enough cold water to mix to a dough. Knead lightly and chill the pastry for 30 minutes.

Meanwhile wash 250g spinach and cook for 1-2 minutes until just wilted. Drain well and then roughly chop. In a frying pan, melt 25g butter, adding a chopped large onion. Cook until soft and golden. Add this to the same bowl as the spinach, mixing in 75g of a well-textured mushroom such as oyster mushrooms, porcini or chanterelles. Add four skinned, chopped plum tomatoes, 125g diced mozzarella cheese, salt, pepper and three large beaten eggs. Mix together well, then trim 2/3 of the pastry, rolling out in preparation to line a 23cm-deep quiche tin. Trim the edges, and dampen with water, spooning-in the filling. Roll out the remaining pastry, and cover the top, pinching the edges together to seal. Brush the top with a little beaten egg and bake in a pre-heated oven at 200°C for 25 minutes, or until golden.

Method:Rub 125g unsalted butter into 350g plain flour with a pinch of salt to make a fine crumb texture. Stir-in 25g of grated parmesan cheese and then add an egg yolk and enough cold water to mix to a dough. Knead lightly and chill the pastry for 30 minutes.

Serve hot or cold.